Insucesso de indução por misoprostol em gestantes: revisão integrativa / Fracaso de la inducción por misoprostol en mujeres embarazadas: revisión integradora / Unsuccessful misoprostol induction in pregnant women: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca do insucesso da indução do trabalho de parto com misoprostol em gestações a termo. Métodos Revisão integrativa, realizada entre janeiro e novembro de 2022, cuja pergunta de pesquisa e descritores foram delineados por meio da estratégia PECO. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE; Web of Science; CINAHL; EMBASE e Scopus por duas pesquisadoras de forma independente, assim como a avaliação. Para a fase de seleção e identificação dos estudos foi utilizado o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A avaliação do risco de viés dos artigos incluídos foi realizada através do questionário Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados Foram identificados 3.674 artigos, 84 foram lidos na íntegra, dos quais 11 compuseram a revisão (n=9.010 gestantes), com publicação entre os anos de 2005 a 2021, sendo a maioria nos Estados Unidos. Quanto ao nível de evidência, todos os artigos foram classificados como 2b, avaliada coforme o delineamento de cada investigação. O estudo apontou evidências quanto aos seguintes fatores: IMC elevado (maior igual a 30kg/m2), nuliparidade, bishop imaturo, comprimento cervical (maior igual a 30mm), estatura, etnia (não caucasianas do sul da Europa) e peso fetal (maior igual a 4kg). Conclusão Alcançou-se o objetivo do estudo tendo sido demonstrado seis fatores maternos e um fetal que podem levar ao insucesso da indução. Vale ressaltar a necessidade de evidências que incorporem a individualidade de cada característica e destaca-se a contribuição desse estudo para embasar a escolha da melhor conduta para cada gestação de forma individualizada.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias disponibles en la literatura acerca del fracaso de la inducción del trabajo de parto con misoprostol en gestaciones a término. Métodos Revisión integradora, realizada entre enero y noviembre de 2022, cuya pregunta de investigación y descriptores fueron definidos mediante la estrategia PECO. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE y Scopus por dos investigadoras de forma independiente, al igual que la evaluación. Para la fase de selección e identificación de los estudios se utilizó el Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). La evaluación del riesgo de sesgo de los artículos incluidos se realizó a través del cuestionario Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Resultados Se identificaron 3.674 artículos, 84 se leyeron en su totalidad, de los cuales 11 conformaron la revisión (n=9.010 mujeres embarazadas), publicados entre los años 2005 y 2021, la mayoría en Estados Unidos. Respecto al nivel de evidencia, todos los artículos fueron clasificados como 2b, evaluada de acuerdo con el diseño de cada investigación. El estudio indicó evidencias respecto a los siguientes factores: IMC elevado (mayor igual a 30 kg/m2), nuliparidad, bishop bajo, longitud cervical (mayor o igual a 30 mm), estatura, etnia (no caucasoide del sur de Europa) y peso fetal (mayor igual a 4 kg). Conclusión Se alcanzó el objetivo del estudio y se demostraron seis factores maternos y uno fetal que pueden llevar al fracaso de la inducción. Cabe resaltar la necesidad de evidencias que incorporen la individualidad de cada característica y se destaca la contribución de este estudio para fundamentar la elección de la mejor conducta en cada gestación de forma individualizada.

Abstract Objective To analyze the evidence available in literature regarding unsuccessful labor induction with misoprostol in full-term pregnancies. Methods This is an integrative review, carried out between January and November 2022, whose research question and descriptors were outlined using the PECO strategy. The searches were carried out in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE and Scopus databases by two researchers independently as well as assessment. For the study selection and identification phase, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was used. The risk of bias assessment of included articles was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results A total of 3,674 articles were identified, and 84 were read in full, of which 11 comprised the review (n=9,010 pregnant women), published between 2005 and 2021, with the majority in the United States. Regarding the level of evidence, all articles were classified as 2b, assessed according to the design of each study. The study showed evidence regarding the following factors: High BMI (greater than 30 kg/m2), nulliparity, immature bishop, cervical length (greater than 30 mm), height, ethnicity (non-Caucasians from southern Europe) and fetal weight (greater equal to 4 kg). Conclusion The objective study was achieved, having demonstrated six maternal factors and one fetal factor that can lead to unsuccessful induction. It is worth highlighting the need for evidence that incorporates the individuality of each characteristic and the contribution of this study to support the choice of the best conduct for each pregnancy on an individual basis stands out.

The pain reported by postpartum women in rooming-in according to the mode of delivery / Dor relatada por puérperas no alojamento conjunto segundo a via de nascimento

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is the most frequently reported symptom in the immediate puerperium. The aim of this study was to quantify pain levels and sociodemographic, obstetric, and care characteristics associated with severe pain and inadequate analgesia according to the mode of delivery. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between October and December 2020, with a sample of 229 postpartum women considered eligible (baby born alive, weighing > 500 g and/or gestational age > 22 weeks) to answer the study questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean reported pain was 5.34 by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and there was a difference (p<0.001) between modes of delivery. Cesarean section was associated with severe pain (p=0.006) and pain above eight on the VAS (p=0.02). Vaginal delivery was associated with the perception of inadequate analgesia (p=0.04). Severe pain reported was associated with the admission of the baby to the ICU (p=0.01) and cases of postpartum hemorrhage (p=0.002). Among women who gave birth vaginally, there was an association between severe pain and instrumental delivery (p=0.05). Reported severe pain was associated with difficulties in self-care (p<0.001) and care of the newborn (p= 0.02), sensation of weakness (p<0.001), and fainting (p=0.002). The perception of inadequate analgesia was associated with vaginal birth (p=0.04) end non-white skin color (p=0,03). CONCLUSION: The average reported pain was moderate. Intense pain and the perception of inadequate analgesia were associated with instrumental delivery, newborns being referred to the NICU, postpartum hemorrhage, and non-white skin color.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é o sintoma mais frequentemente relatado no puerpério imediato. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar os níveis de dor e as características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e da assistência associadas à dor intensa e à percepção de analgesia inadequada segundo a via de nascimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, conduzido entre outubro e dezembro de 2020, com uma amostra de 229 puérperas consideradas elegíveis (nativivos com peso > 500g e/ou idade gestacional > 22 semanas) para responder ao questionário do estudo. RESULTADOS: A média de dor relatada foi 5,3 pela Escala Analógica Visual (EAV) e houve diferença (p<0,001) entre as vias de nascimento. A cesariana apresentou associação com dor intensa referida (p=0,006) e dor acima de oito pela EAV (p=0,02). O parto vaginal obteve associação com percepção de analgesia inadequada (p=0,04). Entre as mulheres que referiram dor intensa, houve associação com recém-nascido encaminhado à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) (p=0,01) e nos casos de hemorragia pós-parto (p=0,002). Entre as mulheres que tiveram parto vaginal, também houve associação entre dor intensa e o parto instrumental (p=0,05). Dor intensa referida teve associação com dificuldades para o autocuidado (p<0,001) e do recém-nascido (p=0,02), sensação de fraqueza (p<0,001) e de desmaio (p= 0,002). A percepção de analgesia inadequada esteve associada a parto vaginal (p=0,04) e cor da pele não branca (p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: A média de dor relatada foi moderada. Dor intensa e percepção de analgesia inadequada estiveram associadas com parto instrumental, recém-nascido encaminhado à UTIN, hemorragia pós-parto e cor de pele não branca.

Taxa e custos médicos diretos de cesáreas em beneficiárias da saúde suplementar no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: 2015 a 2021 / Rate and direct medical costs of cesarean sections among supplementary health plan holders living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: 2015-2021

Resumo O Brasil tem a segunda maior taxa de cesárea do mundo. Há diferença dessas taxas nos setores públicos e privados. Foram utilizados dados de internação de beneficiárias residentes no estado de São Paulo, internadas entre 2015 e 2021, com idades entre 10 e 49 anos, para verificar as taxas e custos das cesáreas no setor privado. Foi realizado estudo parcial de avaliação econômica em saúde na perspectiva da saúde suplementar considerando custos médicos diretos de internação. Foram analisadas 757.307 internações, com gasto total de R$ 7,701 bilhões. As taxas de cesáreas foram de 80% no período. São menores nas gestantes mais novas (69%) e maiores nas mais velhas (86%), e sempre superiores a 67%. Essa população tem taxas 71% maiores do que aquelas do SUS. Há maior proporção de internações com uso de unidade de terapia intensiva nas cesáreas. O custo mediano da cesárea é 15% maior do que o parto normal e são duas vezes maiores nas seguradoras do que nas cooperativas médicas. Há oportunidade de aplicação de políticas públicas de saúde amplamente utilizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde visando a redução das taxas, dos custos diretos da internação e dos planos de saúde.

Abstract Brazil has the second largest cesarean section rate in the world. Differences in rates exist between the public and private health sectors. This study used data on admissions of supplementary health plan holders aged between 10 and 49 years living in the state of São Paulo admitted between 2015 and 2021 to determine cesarean section rates and costs in the private health sector. We conducted a partial economic analysis in health from a supplementary health perspective focusing on the direct medical costs of admissions. A total of 757,307 admissions were analyzed with total costs amounting to R$7.701 billion. The cesarean section rate over the period was 80%. Rates were lowest in young women (69%) and highest in the oldest age group (86%), exceeding 67% across all groups. The rate was 71% higher than in public services. The proportion of admissions with use of the intensive care unit was higher among cesarian deliveries. The median cost of a cesarean was 15% higher than that of a normal delivery and twice as high in insurance companies than healthcare cooperatives. There is an opportunity to apply policies that are widely used in public services to the private sector with the aim of reducing cesarean rates in private services, direct costs of admission, and the cost of supplementary health plans.

Trend of incompleteness of the Robson Classification variables in the Live Birth Information (SINASC) in the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2014-2020 / Tendencia de incompletitud de variables de Clasificación de Robson en el Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos en Paraná, 2014-2020 / Tendência de incompletude das variáveis da Classificação de Robson no Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) no estado do Paraná, 2014-2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the incompleteness of the Robson Classification variables in the Live Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos - SINASC), in the state of Paraná, and its trend, 2014-2020. Methods: This was a time-series study that analyzed six variables, according to health macro-regions. Incompleteness was classified (percentage of "ignored" and "blank fields") as follows: excellent (< 1.0%); good (1.0-2.9%); regular (3.0-6.9%); poor (≥ 7.0%). Prais-Winsten regression was used to estimate trends. Results: A total of 1,089,116 births were evaluated. The variable "cesarean section before the onset of labor" was classified as poor in 2014 (39.4%) and 2015 (44.3%) in the state and in all macro-regions, but with a decreasing trend in incompleteness. The variables "gestational age" in the North and Northwest macro-regions, and "parity" and "number of fetuses" in the Northwest macro-region showed an increasing trend. Conclusion: Most of the variables evaluated showed low percentages of incompleteness with a decreasing trend, but there is a need to improve the completion of some variables.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la incompletitud de las variables de la Clasificación de Robson en el Sistema de Información de Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) de Paraná y su tendencia, 2014-2020. Métodos: Estudio de series temporales que analizó seis variables, según macrorregiones de salud. La incompletitud (percentaje de campos "ignorados" y "en blanco") se clasificó como: excelente (< 1,0%); buena (1,0-2,9%); regular (3,0-6,9%); mala (≥ 7,0%). Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para estimar tendencia. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1.089.116 nacimientos. "Cesárea antes del inicio del trabajo de parto" se clasificó como mala en 2014 (39,4%) y 2015 (44,3%) en Paraná y en todas las macrorregiones, pero con tendencia decreciente de incompletitud. Las variables "edad gestacional", "paridad" y "número de fetos" mostraron tendencia creciente. Conclusión: La mayoría de las variables evaluadas mostraron porcentajes bajos de incompletitud, con una tendencia decreciente, pero es necesario mejorar el cumplimiento de algunas variables que mostraron una tendencia creciente de incompletitud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a incompletude das variáveis da Classificação de Robson no Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) do Paraná e sua tendência, 2014-2020. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais que analisou seis variáveis, segundo macrorregionais de saúde. Classificou-se a incompletude (percentual de campos "ignorados" e "em branco") em: excelente (< 1,0%); bom (1,0-2,9%); regular (3,0-6,9%); ruim (≥ 7,0%). Utilizou-se regressão de Prais-Winsten para estimar tendências. Resultados: Foram avaliados 1.089.116 nascimentos. A variável "cesárea antes do trabalho de parto iniciar" classificou-se como ruim, em 2014 (39,4%) e 2015 (44,3%), no estado, e em todas as macrorregionais, porém com tendência decrescente de incompletude. As variáveis "idade gestacional" no Norte e Noroeste, e "paridade" e "número de fetos" no Noroeste apresentaram tendência crescente. Conclusão: A maioria das variáveis avaliadas mostrou baixos percentuais de incompletude com tendência decrescente, mas é preciso melhorar o preenchimento de algumas variáveis.

Misoprostol and mid trimester termination of pregnancy in patients with two previous scars and more at Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital / Misoprostol e interrupção da gravidez no meio do trimestre em pacientes com duas cicatrizes anteriores e mais no Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital

Abstract Objectives: to determine efficiency and safety of three misoprostol regimens for 2nd trimester pregnancy termination in individuals with two or more cesarean section scars. Methods: a cross-sectional study included 100 pregnant ladies at 13th-26th weeks gestation with previous two cesarean sections (CSs) who were scheduled for pregnancy termination using misoprostol. Patients were conveniently assigned to 100µg/3h, 200µg/3h or 400 µg/3h regimens. Primary outcome was time to abortion, secondary outcomes were side effect and complications. Results: a significant association was found between number previous CSs and longer time to abortion (p=0.01). A highly significant association was identified between earlier gestational age and longer time to abortion (p<0.001). Lower side effects and complications were associated with 200 µg misoprostol every 3 hours of (p<0.001). Incomplete abortion was the most frequent recorded complication for the successive doses of misoprostol. Conclusions: misoprostol is an effective drug at low doses for pregnancy termination in women with prior two or more caesarean sections. However, its safety needs monitoring of the patient in the hospital to decrease morbidity and mortality behind its use.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a eficiência e segurança de três regimes de misoprostol para interrupção da gravidez no segundo trimestre em indivíduos com duas ou mais cicatrizes de cesariana. Métodos: um estudo transversal incluiu 100 gestantes entre 13ª e 26ª semanas de gestação com duas cesarianas (CEs) anteriores que foram agendadas para interrupção da gravidez com uso de misoprostol. Os pacientes foram convenientemente designados para regimes de 100 µg/3 horas, 200 µg/3 horas ou 400 µg/3 horas. O desfecho primário foi o tempo para o aborto, os desfechos secundários foram efeitos colaterais e complicações. Resultados: foi encontrada associação significativa entre o número de cesáreas anteriores e o maior tempo até o aborto (p=0,01). Foi identificada associação altamente significativa entre idade gestacional mais precoce e maior tempo para abortar (p<0,001). Menores efeitos colaterais e complicações foram associados com 200 µg de misoprostol a cada 3 horas (p<0,001). O aborto incompleto foi a complicação mais frequente registrada para as doses sucessivas de misoprostol. Conclusões: o misoprostol é um medicamento eficaz em doses baixas para interrupção da gravidez em mulheres com duas ou mais cesarianas anteriores. Porém, sua segurança necessita de monitoramento do paciente no hospital para diminuir a morbimortalidade por trás de seu uso.

Impact of anthro-metabolic indices and gestational weight gain on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a prospective observational study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of anthro-metabolic indices on maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted on healthy mother-baby pairs between January 1, 2023 and July 1, 2023. Detailed sociodemographic information was collected through an interview with the mother. Clinical, biochemical, obstetric, fetal, and neonatal outcomes were abstracted from hospital medical records. Anthropometric measurements were obtained from the examination of mother-baby pairs. RESULTS: A total of 336 healthy mothers-children pairs were included. Mothers of newborn ≥4000 g had higher gestational age (p=0.003), body mass index (p=0.003), gestational weight gain (p=0.016), waist circumferences (p=0.002), and hip circumferences (p=0.001). gestational weight gain was associated with the mode of delivery (p=0.023). waist-to-hip ratio (p=0.005), gestational weight gain (p=0.013), and a body shape ındex (p<0.001) were associated with longer length of hospital stay. Age (p<0.001) and inter-pregnancy interval (p=0.004) were higher in pre-pregnancy underweight/obese mothers. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that maternal waist circumferences (AUC: 0.708, p=0.005), maternal weight (AUC: 0.690, p=0.010), and hip circumferences (AUC: 0.680, p=0.015) were sufficient to predict macrosomia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a significant association between gestational weight gain and cesarean delivery, prolonged hospital stay, and macrosomia. It was also found that maternal body mass index, waist circumferences, and hip circumferences during pregnancy were associated with macrosomia. On the contrary, no significant relationship was found between maternal anthro-metabolic characteristics and maternal-fetal and birth outcomes.

Effect of mode of delivery on postpartum health-related quality of life

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the impact of mode of delivery on health-related quality of life in mothers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between May and August 2022 on healthy singleton pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years. Data on socio-demographic variables, clinic features, pregnancy and birth characteristics, and neonatal outcomes were collected. Health-related quality of life was assessed by using EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1,015 healthy pregnant women were included. The EQ-5D-5L index score was higher in those with regular sleep patterns (p<0.001), those who did physical activity (PA) during pregnancy (p<0.001), those who received spousal support (p<0.001), and those with very good and good perceived health (p<0.001). EQ-5D-5L index and EQ-5D-5L-VAS scores were lower in those with unplanned pregnancy, those who preferred cesarean section, those who had cesarean section, those who underwent episiotomy, and those who admitted to the intensive care unit (p<0.001). Emergency cesarean section and elective cesarean section had the lowest and second lowest health-related quality of life mean scores, while normal vaginal deliveries had the highest health-related quality of life mean scores, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed that health-related quality of life was higher after vaginal delivery than after cesarean section. In addition, spousal support, regular sleep pattern, and PA during pregnancy play an important role in maternal health-related quality of life.

Combined ultrasound and electric field stimulations improve pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial, double-blind, and placebo-controlled / Terapia combinada de estimulação elétrica por meio do ultrassom melhora a dor e a capacidade funcional no pós-parto imediato de cesariana: ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Wound complications and pharmacological pain relief methods used at the skin surgical site after cesarean delivery may result in women's physical and emotional burden. Thus, nonpharmacological treatments must be explored to avoid these complications and side effects on maternal health. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Combined Ultrasound and Electric Field Stimulation (CUSEFS) on cicatricial pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery. METHODS: This study has a randomized clinical trial, double-blind, and placebo-controlled design. Thirty women (25.7±5.0 years) in immediate postpartum were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (CG, n:9), CUSEFS (TG, n:11), and Placebo (PG, n:10). CUSEFS was performed once for 20 minutes. Cicatricial pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire) and functional capacity (Functional Capacity Check) was assessed at baseline, after the intervention, and after 30 minutes. Cohen's (d) and Mixed-design analysis of variance were used to compare groups. RESULTS: Immediately after the intervention, TG showed a decrease in cicatricial pain compared with CG in sensory (d:3.8 to 4.0), affective (d:4.0), and total categories (d:3.9). In functional capacity, TG had less difficulty than CG at walking (d:0.6) and lying down (d:1.1), and PG at rest (d: 0.9). CONCLUSION: CUSEFS might be a resource for managing cicatricial pain and functional capacity in immediate cesarean delivery. Further studies with longer duration and different CUSEFS doses/parameters are required.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As complicações na ferida e o uso de métodos farmacológicos de alívio da dor no local cirúrgico após a cesariana podem resultar em sobrecarga física e emocional para a mulher. Assim, tratamentos não farmacológicos devem ser explorados para evitar essas complicações e efeitos adversos à saúde materna. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da terapia combinada de estimulação elétrica por meio do ultrassom (CUSEFS) na dor cicatricial e na capacidade funcional no pós-parto imediato de cesariana. MÉTODOS: Este estudo possui um desenho de ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo. Trinta mulheres (25,7±5,0 anos) em pós-parto imediato de cesariana foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos: Controle (CG, n:9), CUSEFS (TG:11) e Placebo (PG, n:10). O CUSEFS foi realizado uma vez por 20 minutos. A dor cicatricial (Questionário de Dor McGill) e a capacidade funcional (Functional Capacity Check) foram avaliadas no início, após a intervenção e após 30 minutos. As análises de variância de design misto e Cohen (d) foram usadas para comparar os grupos. RESULTADOS: Imediatamente após a intervenção, o TG apresentou diminuição na dor cicatricial em relação ao CG nas categorias sensorial (d:3,8 a 4,0), afetiva (d:4,0) e total (d:3,9). Na capacidade funcional, o TG apresentou menor dificuldade que o CG na marcha (d:0,6) e deitado (d:1,1), e que o PG em repouso (d:0,9). CONCLUSÃO: O CUSEFS pode ser um recurso para o manejo da dor cicatricial e da capacidade funcional imediatamente após a cesariana. Além disso, são necessários mais estudos com maior duração e diferentes doses/parâmetros de CUSEFS.

Prognostic predictive model for PONV in cesarean delivery

Introduction: Apfel simplified risk score for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has shown to be useful in anesthesia; however, since it has not been calibrated in regional anesthesia or in pregnant patients, its use in cesarean section is limited. Objective: To develop a prognostic predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting in pregnant patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Methods: In a cohort of 703 term pregnant patients scheduled of cesarean section, 15 variables were prospectively assessed, to design a prognostic predictive model for the development of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A logistic regression analysis was used to construct the model and its calibration and discrimination were based on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the calibration curves, and C statistic. Additionally, the internal calibration was performed with the Bootstrap resampling method. Results: Postoperative nausea and vomiting were experienced by 27% of the patients during the first six hours after surgery. The model included as prognostic variables the development of intraoperative nausea and vomiting, age under 28 years, a history of PONV, the mother's BMI and the weight of the newborn baby. The model showed an adequate calibration (x2: 4.65 p: 0.5888), though a low discrimination (Statistic C = 0.68). Conclusions: A prognostic predictive model was created for the development of PONV in cesarean section. This model was used to build a prognostic scale for the classification of patients into risk groups.

Introducción: La escala de riesgo simplificada de Apfel para náuseas y vómito posoperatorio (NVPO) ha mostrado utilidad en anestesia; sin embargo, al no haber sido calibrada en anestesia regional o en pacientes embarazadas, su utilidad en cesárea es limitado. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo de predicción pronóstica para náuseas y vómito posoperatorios en pacientes embarazadas, llevadas a cesárea bajo anestesia espinal. Métodos: En una cohorte de 703 pacientes con embarazo a término programadas para cesárea, se evaluaron 15 variables de forma prospectiva para construir un modelo de predicción pronóstica para el desarrollo de náuseas y vómito posoperatorio. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión logística para la construcción del modelo y se calculó su calibración y discriminación con la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow, las curvas de calibración y el estadístico C. Además, se realizó la calibración interna con el método de remuestreo Bootstrap. Resultados: Las náuseas y vómito posoperatorio se presentaron en el 27% de las pacientes durante las primeras seis horas después de la cirugía. El modelo incluyó como variables pro-nósticas el desarrollo de náuseas y vómito en el intraoperatorio, edad menor de 28 años, antecedentes de NVPO, índice de masa corporal (IMC) de la madre y el peso del recién nacido. El modelo mostró una adecuada calibración (x2: 4,65 p: 0,5888), aunque una baja discriminación (Estadístico C = 0,68). Conclusiones: Se construyó un modelo de predicción pronóstica para el desarrollo de NVPO en cirugía cesárea, y con este se construyó una escala pronóstica que permite clasificar a las pacientes por grupos de riesgo.

Randomized comparison between transversus abdominis and erector spinae blocks in cesarean section

Introduction: Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block provides somatic analgesia postoperatively in cesarean sections, however erector spinae plane (ESP) block has shown to provide both somatic and visceral analgesia. Objective: To compare the efficacy of TAP and ESP blocks for pain control after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Methods: In a double-blind superiority trial, pregnant patients undergoing cesarean section were randomized into either bilateral TAP or ESP block groups. Primary outcome was total consumption of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) tramadol in the first 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included time required for first rescue analgesia, post-surgery visual analog score (VAS) for pain, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects. Results: 50 pregnant patients were randomized into TAP and ESP blocks. There was no difference in the amount of PCA tramadol within the first 24 hours between both groups [100mg (63-125) in TAP group vs 75mg (38-100) ESP group]. Pain score at rest and on movement and patient satisfaction were comparable in both groups, with no difference in adverse effects. There was a slight difference in the median time for first rescue analgesia [210min (135-315) in TAP group and 270min (225-405) ESP group] (p=0.03). Conclusions: TAP and ESP blocks provide similar analgesia with comparable consumption of tramadol in the first 24 hours post-cesarean section and no difference in pain scores at rest/on movement.

Introducción: El bloqueo del plano transverso abdominal (TAP - por sus siglas en inglés), ofrece analgesia somática postoperatoria en cesárea; sin embargo, el bloqueo del plano erector de la espina (ESP - por sus siglas en inglés) ha demostrado proporcionar analgesia tanto somática, como visceral. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de los bloqueos TAP y ESP para el control del dolor posterior a la cesárea, bajo anestesia raquídea. Métodos: En un estudio de superioridad doble ciego, las pacientes embarazadas sometidas a cesárea se aleatorizaron bien sea al grupo de bloqueo bilateral TAP o ESP? El desenlace principal fue el consumo total de analgesia controlada por la paciente (PCA - por sus siglas en inglés) con tramadol en las primeras 24 horas. Los desenlaces secundarios incluyeron el tiempo transcurrido para la primera analgesia de rescate, el puntaje en la escala visual analógica (EVA) para dolor, la satisfacción del paciente y los efectos adversos. Resultados: 50 pacientes embarazadas se aleatorizaron entre bloqueo TAP y bloqueo ESP. No hubo diferencia en la cantidad de tramadol de la PCA dentro de las primeras 24 horas entre los dos grupos [100mg (63-125) en el grupo TAP vs 75mg (38-100) en el grupo ESP]. El puntaje de dolor en reposo y en movimiento y la satisfacción de la paciente fueron comparables en ambos grupos, sin diferencia en los efectos adversos. Hubo una ligera diferencia en la media de tiempo hasta la primera analgesia de rescate [210 min (135-315) en el grupo de TAP y 270 min (225-405) en el grupo ESP] (p=0,03). Conclusiones: Los bloqueos TAP y ESP ofrecen una analgesia similar, con un consumo comparable de tramadol en las primeras 24 horas posteriores a la cesárea y no hay diferencia en los puntajes de dolor en reposo, o en movimiento.

A comparison of the rates of and indications for cesarean delivery between Syrian refugee women and Turkish women

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the rates of and indications for cesarean delivery among Syrian refugee women and local Turkish women. METHODS: The study included 74,864 pregnant women, of whom 52,145 were Turkish and 22,719 were Syrian refugee women and who gave birth at our hospital between January 2013 and December 2021. In this study, the pregnant women were divided into two groups: Syrian refugee women and Turkish women, and primary cesarean delivery rates were calculated separately for each group. Cesarean delivery rates for Syrian refugee women and Turkish women were compared separately for each year. Indications for cesarean delivery were determined separately for each group and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The overall cesarean delivery rate was 56% among Turkish women and 32% among Syrian women (p<0.05). The primary cesarean delivery rate was 18.4% for local Turkish women versus 10.7% among Syrian refugee women (p<0.05). The most common indication for cesarean delivery among both Syrian refugee women and local Turkish women was previous cesarean delivery, followed by acute fetal distress and cephalopelvic disproportion. CONCLUSION: Indications for cesarean delivery were similar for Syrian refugee women and local Turkish women, but both overall and primary cesarean delivery rates were higher among local Turkish women compared with Syrian refugee women.

Anestesia multimodal intratecal en cesáreas, cambios que mejoran su eficacia y seguridad: ensayo clínico / Intrathecal multimodal anesthesia in caesarean sections, changes that improve its efficacy and safety: clinical trial

Resumen: Introducción: la concentración y velocidad en la administración de la anestesia multimodal intratecal con fentanilo en cesáreas mejoran la eficacia anestésica manteniendo buen control hemodinámico. Objetivo: evaluar si algunos cambios en la anestesia multimodal intratecal mejoran su eficacia y seguridad en cesáreas. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico, controlado, aleatorizado, doble ciego en mujeres embarazadas programadas para cesárea, distribuidas en tres grupos: grupo F6B2: fentanilo 65 μg + bupivacaína hiperbárica 2.5 mg + morfina 10 μg + dexmedetomidina 5 μg; grupo F6B3: fentanilo 60 μg + bupivacaína hiperbárica 3 mg+ morfina 100 μg+ dexmedetomidina 5 μg; y grupo F7B2: fentanilo 70 μg + bupivacaína hiperbárica 2 mg + morfina 100 μg + dexmedetomidina 5 μg. Se evaluó la eficacia anestésica previo a la incisión, durante la disección de la pared abdominal, al ingreso a cavidad abdominal, en la revisión de correderas parietocólicas y en el postquirúrgico inmediato, así como los signos vitales. Resultados: los grupos F6B2 y F6B3 resultaron tener mayor eficacia anestésica en la revisión de correderas parietocólicas (p = 0.02) y el grupo F7B2 el de mayor seguridad con mejor control hemodinámico a los minutos 1 y 10 (p = 0.03 y p = 0.03 respectivamente). Conclusiones: los cambios en la administración de la anestesia multimodal intratecal con fentanilo mejoraron la eficacia anestésica, pero disminuyen la seguridad sobre el control hemodinámico.

Abstract: Introduction: the concentration and speed in the administration of intrathecal multimodal anesthesia with fentanyl in cesareans section improve anesthetic efficacy while maintaining good hemodynamic control. Objective: to evaluate if some changes in intrathecal multimodal anesthesia improve its efficacy and safety in cesareans section. Material and methods: clinical trial, controlled, randomized, double blind; in pregnant women scheduled for cesarean section, divided into 3 groups: group F6B2: fentanyl 65 μg + hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.5 mg+ morphine 100 μg+ dexmedetomidine 5 μg; group F6B3: fentanyl 60 μg + hyperbaric bupivacaine 3 mg + morphine 100 μg + dexmedetomidine 5 μg; and group F7B2: fentanyl 70 μg + hyperbaric bupivacaine 2 mg + morphine 100 μg + dexmedetomidine 5 μg. The anesthetic efficacy was evaluated prior to the incision, during the dissection of the abdominal wall, upon the admission to the abdominal cavity, in the review of paracolic slides and in the immediate postoperative period, as well as the vital signs. Results: the F6B2 and F6B3 groups turned out to have greater anesthetic efficacy in the revision of paracolic slides (p = 0.02) and the F7B2 group had the highest safety with better hemodynamic control at 1 and 10 minutes (p = 0.03 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: changes in the administration of intrathecal multimodal anesthesia with fentanyl improved anesthetic efficacy, but decreased safety over hemodynamyc control.

Complicaciones obstétricas y edad materna avanzada

La edad materna avanzada guarda relación directamente proporcional con el riesgo de complicaciones obstétricas y no obstétricas durante la gestación, tanto para la gestante como para el feto. Esto es particularmente importante debido a que a las tasas de fecundidad de las mujeres de mayor edad han aumentado. En Estados Unidos, el 10% del primer nacimiento y el 20% de todos los nacimientos ocurren en mujeres con 35 años o más. Históricamente la edad materna avanzada se ha definido como una edad mayor o igual a 35 años, punto de corte que sustentado en la disminución de la fecundidad y el mayor riesgo de anomalías genéticas en la descendencia de las mujeres mayores a esta edad. Sin embargo, los efectos relacionados al aumento de edad son continuos y el riesgo es mayor mientras mayor sea la edad al momento de la concepción más que como efecto de pasar el umbral de los 35 años. Diferentes investigaciones han mostrado que las gestantes añosas tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones tempranas de la gestación como aborto espontáneo, embarazo ectópico, anomalías cromosómicas y malformaciones congénitas, así como, preeclampsia, diabetes gestacional, patología placentaria, parto pretérmino, peso bajo al nacer, mortalidad perinatal, embarazo múltiple, parto distócico, parto por cesárea y mortalidad materna. En este artículo se revisa publicaciones recientes sobre el tema y se incluye estadística de un importante hospital de Lima, Perú, y de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud Familiar - ENDES 2022.

Advanced maternal age is directly proportional to the risk of obstetric and nonobstetric complications during gestation, both for the pregnant woman and the fetus. This is particularly important because the fertility rates of older women have increased. In the US, 10% of first births and 20% of all births occur to women 35 years of age or older. Historically, advanced maternal age has been defined as an age greater than or equal to 35 years, a cutoff point that is supported by declining fertility and the increased risk of genetic abnormalities in the offspring of women older than this age. However, the effects related to increasing age are continuous and the risk is greater the older the age at conception rather than as an effect of passing the 35 years threshold. Research has shown that older pregnant women are at increased risk of early pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, chromosomal abnormalities and congenital malformations, as well as, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental pathology, preterm delivery, low birth weight, perinatal mortality, multiple pregnancy, dystocic delivery, cesarean delivery and maternal mortality. This article reviews recent publications on the subject and includes statistics from a major hospital in Lima, Peru, and from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey - ENDES, 2022.

Increased Cesarean Section Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Looking for Reasons through the Robson Ten Group Classification System / Aumento das taxas de cesárea durante a pandemia de COVID-19: procurando explicações por meio da Classificação de Robson

Abstract Objective To compare cesarean section (CS) rates according to the Robson Ten Group Classification System (RTGCS) and its indications in pregnant women admitted for childbirth during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with those of the previous year. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to compare women admitted for childbirth from April to October 2019 (before the pandemic) and from March to September 2020 (during the pandemic). The CSs and their indications were classified on admission according to the RTGCS, and we also collected data on the route of delivery (vaginal or CS). Both periods were compared using the Chi-squared (χ2) test or the Fisher exact test. Results In total, 2,493 women were included, 1,291 in the prepandemic and 1,202 in the pandemic period. There was a a significant increase in the CS rate (from 39.66% to 44.01%; p = 0.028), mostly due to maternal request (from 9.58% to 25.38%; p < 0.01). Overall, groups 5 and 2 contributed the most to the CS rates. The rates decreased among group 1 and increased among group 2 during the pandemic, with no changes in group 10. Conclusion There was an apparent change in the RTGSC comparing both periods, with a significant increase in CS rates, mainly by maternal request, most likely because of changes during the pandemic and uncertainties and fear concerning COVID-19.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar as taxas de cesárea segundo a Classificação de Robson, assim como suas indicações, em mulheres admitidas para parto durante a primeira onda de doença do coronavírus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, em inglês), com as do ano anterior. Materiais e Métodos Conduzimos um estudo transversal que comparou as mulheres admitidas para parto entre abril e outubro de 2019 (pré-pandemia) e entre março e setembro de 2020 (durante a pandemia). As cesarianas e as suas indicações foram classificadas conforme o sistema proposto por Robson, e obteve-se a via de parto (vaginal ou cesárea). Ambos os períodos foram comparados usando-se os testes do Qui quadrado ou o exato de Fisher. Resultados Ao todo, 2.943 mulheres foram incluídas, das quais 1.291 antes da pandemia e 1.202 durante a pandemia. A taxa de cesárea aumentou significativamente (de 39.66% para 44,01%; p = 0,028), principalmente devido a desejo materno (de 9,58% para 25,38%; p < 0,01). Os grupos 5 e 2 foram os que mais contribuíram para as taxas de cesárea. Durante a pandemia, o grupo 1 reduziu sua frequência, enquanto o grupo 2 a aumentou. Conclusão Houve uma aparente mudança nas características da população conforme a classificação de Robson. Observou-se significativo aumento nas taxas de cesárea, principalmente por desejo materno, o que reflete possíveis incertezas e medos relacionados à COVID-19.

Tendências temporais e projeções de cesariana no Brasil, macrorregiões administrativas e unidades federativas / Temporal trends and projections of caesarean sections in Brazil, its administrative macro-regions, and federative units

Resumo Os estudos de tendência sobre a via de nascimento no Brasil têm revelado um cenário de sucessivos aumentos lineares nas proporções de cesariana. Entretanto, a possibilidade de mudanças na evolução temporal da via cirúrgica não tem sido considerada. Dessa forma, objetivou-se verificar possíveis pontos de inflexão na proporção de cesarianas no Brasil, macrorregiões e unidades federativas, bem como estimar suas projeções para o ano de 2030. Utilizou-se a série temporal com as cesarianas notificadas no Departamento de Informática do SUS no período de 1994 a 2019. Foram utilizados modelos autorregressivos integrados de médias móveis e de regressão joinpoint para obtenção de projeções e de tendências das proporções de cesariana, respectivamente. As proporções de cesarianas apresentaram tendência significativa de aumento ao longo dos 26 anos de estudo em todos os níveis de agregação. Por outro lado, quando se considera a formação de segmentos, observa-se tendência de estabilização no país e nas regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste, a partir de 2012. Norte e Nordeste apresentaram tendência de aumento e o Sudeste, de queda significativa. Projeções indicam que no ano de 2030, 57,4% dos nascimentos no país ocorrerão por via cirúrgica e que nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, serão observadas proporções superiores a 70%.

Abstract Trend studies on the model of birth in Brazil show a scenario of successive linear increases in cesarean rates. However, they ignore possible changes in the temporal evolution of this delivery modality. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate possible inflection points in cesarean rates in Brazil, its macro-regions, and federated units, as well as to estimate projections for 2030. A time series with information on cesarean sections from 1994 to 2019 from the SUS Department of Informatics was used. Autoregressive integrated moving average and joinpoint regression models were used to obtain cesarean rate projections and trends, respectively. Caesarean rates showed a significant upward trend over the 26 study years at all levels of aggregation. On the other hand, when considering the formation of segments, a stabilization trend was observed both in the country and in the South and Midwest regions, starting in 2012. Rates tended to increase in North and Northeast and significantly decrease in Southeast. Projections show that in 2030, 57.4% of births in Brazil will be cesarean, with rates higher than 70% in Southeast and South regions.

Tratamiento del embarazo ectópico implantado en cicatriz de cesárea: estudio de cohorte 2018-2022, Lima, Perú

Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y el tratamiento del embarazo ectópico implantado en la cicatriz de cesárea, así como las complicaciones y el pronóstico obstétrico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de gestantes con diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico implantado en la cicatriz de cesárea según los criterios de la Sociedad de Medicina Materno-Fetal, atendidas entre enero de 2018 y marzo de 2022 en dos instituciones de alta complejidad, pertenecientes a la seguridad social, ubicadas en Lima, Perú. Se hizo un muestreo consecutivo. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de ingreso, diagnóstico, tipo de tratamiento, complicaciones y pronóstico obstétrico. Se hace un análisis descriptivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 17 pacientes, de 29.919 partos. De estas, el 41,2 % recibió tratamiento médico y el resto recibió tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó un manejo local exitoso con metotrexato en el saco gestacional en dos pacientes con ectópico tipo 2. Cuatro de las pacientes requirieron histerectomía total. Seis pacientes experimentaron una gestación después del tratamiento, y 4 de ellas culminaron el embarazo con una madre y un neonato saludables. Conclusiones: El embarazo ectópico implantado en la cicatriz de una cesárea es una entidad poco frecuente, para la cual se cuenta con alternativas de manejo médico y quirúrgico con aparentes buenos resultados. Se requieren más estudios con mayor calidad metodológica de asignación aleatoria que ayuden a caracterizar la seguridad y la efectividad de las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para las mujeres con sospecha de esta patología.

Objectives: To describe the clinical characteristics and treatment of ectopic pregnancy arising in the cesarean section scar, as well as its complications and obstetric prognosis. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with the diagnosis of a scar pregnancy in accordance with Maternal-Fetal Medicine Society criteria, seen between January 2018 and March 2022 in two high complexity institutions of the social security system, located in Lima, Peru. Consecutive sampling was used. Baseline sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured, including diagnosis, type of treatment, complications and obstetric prognosis. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Out of 29,919 deliveries, 17 patients were included. Of these, 41.2 % received medical management and the rest were treated surgically. Successful management with intra-gestational sac methotrexate was performed in two patients with ectopic pregnancy type 2. Four patients required total hysterectomy. Six patients became pregnant after the treatment and 4 completed their pregnancy with healthy mother and neonate pairs. Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy implanted in a cesarean section scar is an infrequent occurrence for which medical and surgical management options are available with apparently good outcomes. Further studies of better methodological quality and random assignment are needed in order to help characterize the safety and effectiveness of the various therapeutic options for women with suspected scar pregnancy.

Aromatherapy with oil of Lavandula angustifolia for pain in women: scoping review / Aromaterapia com óleo essencial de Lavandula angustifolia para dor em mulheres: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aromatherapy with lavender essential oil has been used to reduce pain, anxiety, nausea and vomiting, among others. As the painful experience is unique, responses to therapeutic approaches may vary among individuals and there are specific conditions related to women's health that deserve to be examined. The objective of this study was to analyze the uses of aromatherapy with essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), by nurses, for pain control in women. CONTENTS: This is a scoping literature review. The search was carried out in the following portals and/or databases: BVS, Pubmed, Cochrane, on June 3, 2022, and was updated on June 9, 2023. The sample consisted of four controlled clinical trials addressing aromatherapy with lavender essential oil in the "inhalation" and "massage" modalities, to treat acute labor pain and dysmenorrhea. In all studies, the intervention provided a reduction in pain without unwanted effects (p<0.05) and the nurse participated as a member of the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSION: Aromatherapy with lavender essential oil during labor and dysmenorrhea proved to be effective in reducing pain in the analyzed sample.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda tem sido utilizada para redução de dor, ansiedade, náuseas e vômitos, dentre outros. Assim como a experiência dolorosa é única, as respostas às abordagens terapêuticas podem variar entre os indivíduos e há condições específicas relacionadas à saúde da mulher que merecem ser examinadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os usos da aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda (Lavandula angustifolia), por enfermeiros, no controle da dor em mulheres. CONTEÚDO: Esta é uma revisão de escopo da literatura. A busca foi realizada nos seguintes portais e/ou bases de dados: BVS, Pubmed, Cochrane, em 03 junho de 2022, sendo atualizada em 09 de junho de 2023. A amostra foi composta de quatro ensaios clínicos controlados abordando aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda nas modalidades "inalação" e "massagem", para tratar dor aguda do parto e da dismenorreia. Em todos os estudos a intervenção proporcionou redução na dor sem efeitos adversos (p<0,05) e o enfermeiro participou como integrante da equipe multidisciplinar. CONCLUSÃO: A aromaterapia com óleo essencial de lavanda no trabalho de parto e dismenorreia mostrou-se eficaz para a redução da dor na amostra analisada.

Associação entre parto cesáreo e pressão arterial elevada em pré-escolares: um estudo transversal / Association between cesarean section and high blood pressure among early elementary schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study / Asociación entre los partos por cesárea y la presión arterial alta en preescolares: un estudio transversal

O parto cesáreo é apontado como fator de risco para diversas doenças crônicas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se averiguar a associação entre parto cesáreo e pressão arterial (PA) de crianças de 6 anos. Trata-se de estudo transversal conduzido em Feira de Santana (BA), com 635 pares de mãe e filho. O tipo de parto foi categorizado em cesárea e vaginal. A PA foi aferida por meio de esfigmomanometria e considerada elevada quando atingiu níveis iguais ou maiores ao percentil 90 para idade, sexo e altura. Razões de prevalência brutas (RPbruta) e ajustadas (RPajustada) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram estimados via regressão logística múltipla. A cesariana ocorreu em 46,5% dos casos, as prevalências de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) elevadas foram de 17,2% e 5,6%, respectivamente. O excesso de peso foi verificado em 28,6% das crianças. A maior prevalência de PAS elevada foi observada entre as crianças que nasceram por cesariana (61%) em relação às que nasceram por parto vaginal (RPbruta: 1,51; IC95%: 1,07-2,14; RPajustada: 1,61; IC95%: 1,05-2,46). A idade materna ao nascimento da criança foi fator de interação na associação principal, assim, as crianças nascidas via parto vaginal exibiram maior prevalência de PAS elevada, comparadas às nascidas via cesárea. O parto cesáreo se associou à PAS elevada aos 6 anos de idade.

Cesarean delivery is considered a risk factor for several chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between cesarean section and blood pressure (BP) in 6-year-old children. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in Feira de Santana, (BA) with 635 mother-child pairs. The type of birth was categorized into cesarean and vaginal. The BP was measured by using sphygmomanometry and considered high when it reached levels equal or higher than the 90th percentile for age, gender, and height. Crude (PRcrude) and adjusted (PRadjusted) prevalence rate and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by multiple logistic regression. Cesarean section occurred in 46.5% of the cases, the prevalence of high systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were 17.2% and 5.6%, respectively. Excess weight was verified in 28.6% of the children. The highest prevalence of high SBP was among children who were born by cesarean section (61%) compared with those who were born vaginally (PRcrude: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.07-2.14; PRadjusted: 1.61; 95%CI %: 1.05-2.46). Maternal age at the birth of the child was an interaction factor in the main association, thus, children born vaginally had a higher prevalence of elevated SBP, compared with those born via cesarean section. Cesarean section was associated with increased SBP at six years of age.

El parto por cesárea presenta un factor de riesgo para varias enfermedades crónicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre el parto por cesárea y la presión arterial (PA) en niños de 6 años de edad. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado en Feira de Santana, en Bahía (Brasil), con 635 pares de madre e hijo. El tipo de parto se clasificó en cesárea y vaginal. La PA se midió mediante esfigmomanometría y se consideró alta cuando alcanzó niveles más altos o iguales al percentil 90 para edad, sexo y talla. Las razones de prevalencia crudas (RPcrudas) y ajustadas (RPajustadas) y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%) se estimaron mediante regresión logística múltiple. La cesárea ocurrió en el 46,5%, las prevalencias de presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) altas fueron el 17,2% y el 5,6%, respectivamente. El exceso de peso se presentó en el 28,6% de los niños. La mayor prevalencia de PAS alta se observó entre los niños nacidos por cesárea (61%) en comparación con los nacidos por vía vaginal (RPcruda: 1,51; IC95%: 1,07-2,14; RPajustada: 1,61; IC95%: 1,05-2,46). La edad materna al nacimiento del niño fue un factor de interacción en la principal asociación, así, los niños nacidos por vía vaginal tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de PAS elevada en comparación con los nacidos por cesárea. El parto por cesárea se asoció con un aumento de la PAS a los 6 años de edad.

Prevalencia de infección de herida quirúrgica en pacientes con profilaxis antimicrobiana en cesárea programada / Prevalence of surgical wound infection in patients with antimicrobial prophylaxis in planned cesarean section

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infecciones en la herida quirúrgica en cesáreas programadas del HRAEV. Materiales y método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional tipo corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia de IHQ en pacientes llevadas a cesárea programada con profilaxis antibiótica en HRAEV. Resultados: Se evaluaron 185 expedientes de pacientes sometidas a cesárea programada, con edad entre 28 a 37 años (48.1%) con un peso promedio 81 kg (DE=10.1) con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) promedio de 30 (DE=4.24) es decir un IMC entre 25.76 a 34.24. De ellas, 4 pacientes (2.16%) presentaron infección de herida quirúrgica durante cesárea programada, las cuales recibieron ceftriaxona como PA mayor a 120 minutos previo a la incisión de la piel, estos pacientes se clasifican como ASA II y tenían un IMC superior a 30 kg/m2 y sin comorbilidades registradas. El tiempo de profilaxis antibiótica más frecuente en las pacientes llevadas a cesárea programada fue >120 minutos (34.08%) y se administró ceftriaxona en el 84.86% de la población que en su mayoría es ASA II (97.83%). El 100% de las heridas fueron superficiales. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio se encontró que la prevalencia de IHQ en cesáreas programadas en HRAEV fue de 2.16%, cifra que se encuentra por debajo de la prevalencia a nivel mundial, dado a que las pacientes seleccionadas no contaban con algunos de los factores de riesgo añadidos que aumentaran el riesgo de IHQ en comparación con otros estudios.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of surgical wound infections in scheduled HRAEV cesarean sections. Materials and method: Retrospective, descriptive, observational cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of IHC in patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section with antibiotic prophylaxis in HRAEV. Results: 185 records of patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section were evaluated, aged between 28 to 37 years (48.1%) with an average weight of 81 kg (SD = 10.1) with an average body mass index (BMI) of 30 (SD = 4.24) that is, a BMI between 25.76 and 34.24. Of these, 4 patients (2.16%) presented surgical wound infection during scheduled cesarean section, who received ceftriaxone as PA greater than 120 minutes prior to skin incision, these patients are classified as ASA II and had a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2 and without recorded comorbidities. The most frequent antibiotic prophylaxis time in patients undergoing scheduled cesarean section was >120 minutes (34.08%) and ceftriaxone was administered in 84.86% of the population, which is mostly ASA II (97.83%). 100% of the wounds were superficial. Conclusions: In the present study, it was found that the prevalence of IHC in cesarean sections scheduled in HRAEV was 2.16%, a figure that is below the worldwide prevalence, given that the selected patients did not have some of the risk factors. added risk that increased the risk of SSI compared to other studies.